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carbon nanotubes can act as metallic or semiconducting substances However, researchers have recently shown that a coaxial magnetic eld can be used to convert nanotubes from metallic to semiconducting and vice versa As noted, the manner in which the sheets are rolled and seamed determines whether the tubes are metallic or semiconducting; while one cannot undo the seam and rejoin it when one wants to change the electronic properties of the nanotube, one can tune these materials not by restructuring the molecules themselves but by moving their energy levels with a strong magnetic eld [124] MWNT with diameter of about 30 nm allows one to apply a magnetic eld strong enough to signi cantly modify the energy spectrum and convert the nanotube s electronic properties As an electron moves, the wave actually takes multiple paths, including ones that encircle the nanotube and the magnetic ux threading it.

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For the previous problem, does A correspond to a stiff system (Comment: As Higham and Trefethen [15] warned, the present stiffness de nition is not entirely reliable.)

Depending upon the strength of the magnetic eld, the properties of the molecule will change from metallic to semiconducting, and back again [124] The electronic properties of MWNTs are rather similar to those of SWNTs because the coupling between the cylinders is weak in MWNTs Because of the nearly onedimensional electronic structure, electronic transport in metallic SWNTs and MWNTs occurs ballistically (ie, without scattering) over long nanotube lengths, enabling them to carry high currents with essentially no heating Phonons also propagate easily along the nanotube [125] The SWNTs also self-assemble into ropes of up to 100 aligned tubes, running side by side, branching and recombining; these ropes form long conductive pathways that can be put to use in making electrically conductive compounds Ropes of carbon nanotubes are bundles of tubes packed together in an orderly manner.

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where the scalar X is the Lagrange multiplier. Then, the solution for At is found among the stationary points of (6.150) with respect to At and A. These are the solutions for At and X of the equations aJ(t, a t ) i2XAt = 0 (6.15 1) aAt and (lAt([2 A' = 0. (6.152) Computing the gradient of J ( t c yields and hence

SWNTs pack into a close-packed triangular lattice with a lattice constant of about 17 nm; the density, lattice parameter, and interlayer spacing of the ropes is dependent on the chirality of the tubes [126, 127] Typical rope diameter are 20 nm Figures 45 and 46 depict nanoropes Also, SWNTs have the ability to be precisely derivatized: Nanoscale Y-type tubes have been designed Figure 47 shows a MWNT [128]; quite a variety of MWNT arrangements exist [129] The SWNTs are grown by several techniques in the laboratory The formation of a SWNT is relatively straightforward and a reasonable quantity of SWNTs of high purity can be obtained One approach uses the degradation of high-pressure CO with Fe(CO) at about 1000 C; additional information on manufacturing methods is provided in Section 43.

The hello() function accesses the contents of the $myGlobal variable via the $GLOBALS array. Notice that the function doesn t have to declare the $myGlobal variable as global in order to access its value. PHP makes other superglobal variables available to you as well. You study superglobals in more depth in 9. Be careful with global variables. If you modify the value of a global variable in many different places within your application, it can make it hard to debug your code when something goes wrong. Generally speaking, you should avoid using global variables unless it s strictly necessary.

Obsolescence, packet fair queuing PFQ. algorithm, timestamp aging, 188 192 OC-N multiplexor, SONET protocol, 392 393 On-demand computation algorithm dynamic Dijkstra algorithm., integrated services networks ISNs. QoS paths, 321 323 On-off source model, call admission control CAC. for ATM VBR services: effective bandwidth, 24 25 performance evaluation, 35 Open shortest path first OSPF. implementation, integrated services networks ISNs. QoS paths, 325 326 Ordered aggregate OA., multiprotocol label switching MPLS., differentiated services DS, Diffserv., 360 363 Ordered LSP control, multiprotocol label switching MPLS., 357 358 Overhead bytes, SONET protocol, 384 387

If you ve never used select or poll before, it may seem complicated or confusing. To help in creating select-based socket clients and servers, the asyncore module takes care of a lot of the dirty work for you.

There have been demands for structural control of SWNTs along with better methods of controlling the diameter and chirality Although chirality control is di cult, partial success in diameter control has been achieved of late by controlling the furnace temperature or choosing the metal catalysts in the laser ablation process [130] 422 Nanowires.